Factored Cognition

In this project, we explore whether we can solve difficult problems by composing small and mostly context-free contributions from individual agents who don't know the big picture.

What is factored cognition?

Imagine the set of questions you can answer in 15 minutes using a computer. There's a lot you can do. You can look up facts, do calculations, weigh considerations, and thus answer many questions that require a bit of research and deliberation. But there's also a lot you can't do. If a question is about some field of physics you've never heard of, say "What does a field theory look like in which supersymmetry is spontaneously broken?", you probably won't have time to learn enough to give a good answer.

Now, consider a thought experiment: Imagine that during your 15 minutes you can delegate up to 100 tasks to fast copies of yourself. That is, assistants who are just as capable and motivated as you are, and also only have 15 minutes of subjective time, but who are much faster, so that when you delegate a task, you immediately observe their answer. Clearly, you can do a lot more with the help of your 100 assistants than you could on your own. We'll call this a one-step amplification of yourself.

What if we iterated this process, so that each of your assistants in turn had access to 100 assistants, and so on? What capabilities could we implement through iterated amplification, and what tasks would stay out of reach, if any?

Factored cognition refers to mechanisms like this, where sophisticated learning and reasoning is broken down (or factored) into many small and mostly independent tasks.

Why does it matter?

Our mission is to find scalable ways to leverage machine learning for deliberation. This requires that we can view thinking as a task with data that we can train ML systems on. The only concrete way we know for doing that is to record how people deliberate using explicit actions in narrow contexts, i.e. to break deliberation into many little tasks. In that case, we can use ML to imitate what people do and scale up by repeatedly applying the learned policy. This is a central component of Iterated Distillation and Amplification, Paul Christiano's approach to AI Alignment.

Chapters

Scalable mechanisms for solving cognitive tasks

We'd like to build general-purpose question-answering systems that produce increasingly helpful solutions as they get access to more human work-hours and better ML algorithms.

A taxonomy of approaches to capability amplification

The space of features that such systems could use includes recursion, pointers to data and to agents, edits, persistent workspaces, structured content, reflection, meta-execution, and different approaches to interaction with the outside world.

A set of tasks for evaluating scalable problem solving

To evaluate whether a system might be scalable, we propose a set of trial tasks: answering questions about books, fact checking, math textbook exercises, cost-benefit analysis, and todo prioritization.

Networks of Workspaces: A user-friendly approach to capability amplification

Our best guess for how to build a scalable question-answering system is to use recursion, pointers, edits, persistence, and (later) interaction via indirection and reflection.

Resources

• Evaluating Arguments One Step at a Time (January 2020)
  A technical report on our experiments with factored evaluation of structured arguments for claims about movie reviews.
• Delegating open-ended cognitive work (June 2019)
  A presentation that explains the challenges of delegating open-ended question-answering to experts and demos our factored evaluation experiments.
• Factored Cognition (May 2018)
  A presentation that motivates the factored cognition project from an AI alignment angle and reports on the state of work in May 2018.
• Mosaic
  A prototype for a web app that supports recursive decomposition of questions with pointers.
• Patchwork
  An open-source command-line app for recursive decomposition of questions, built to be the foundation for a web app with multiple users and automation.
• Affable
  The Haskell-based successor to Patchwork.
• Relay Programming
  A collaborative programming experiment designed to explore factored cognition in the context of solving Project Euler-style programming puzzles.

Thanks to Paul Christiano, Rohin Shah, Daniel Dewey, Owain Evans, Andrew Critch, William Saunders, Ozzie Gooen, Ryan Carey, Jeff Wu, and Jan Leike for feedback on the chapters.